Uzbekistan

The article studies the tendency of the international financial institutions (IFIs) to finance through national commercial banks acting financial intermediaries. The mechanisms of interaction (targeted credit facilities, risk-sharing agreements, direct capital participation) is reviewed on the example of the activities of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) in the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2001 to 2026.

This article analyses the practically significant amendments to the FIDIC Second Edition 2017 standard conditions with the 2022 amendments package as applied to public-private partnership (PPP) and public procurement contracts. Three key innovations are examined: the distinction between a Claim and a matter, the tightened definition of Dispute, and the reinstatement of the exceptionality criterion in the concept of Exceptional Event.